Patient Delay in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Elderly — ChinaSM调教， 2015–2023
Yushu Liu1; Mingkuan Fan2; Yuhong Li1，3; Jiaojie Kang1; Ybryim A1; Tianxin Yan1，3; Jun Cheng1，3; Hui Zhang1，3#
1 National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention， China CDC， Beijing， China.
2 Medical College of Xiangyang Polytechnic， Xiangyang City， Hubei Province， China.
3 National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.
# Corresponding author: Hui Zhang， zhanghui@chinacdc.cn.
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a critical global health challenge， with a disproportionate burden on elderly populations. The study aims to investigate patient delay among the elderly in China from 2015 to 2023. Data on PTB patients aged 65 and older were extracted from the Tuberculosis Information Management System (TBIMS) within the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Patient delay was defined as more than two weeks from symptom onset to the first medical consultation. Elderly patients with PTB in China experience notable patient delays， with a slight decrease observed from 2015 to 2023. The median interquartile range (IQR) of total delay was 22 (8–49) days. Patients who were farmers， herders， or fishermen， and those who visited non-designated TB institutes experienced longer delays. Additionally， patients in western China experienced longer delays than those in the eastern and central regions. Patients identified through active case-finding (ACF) demonstrated shorter intervals before seeking medical care than those detected through passive case-finding (PCF). However， despite being identified through ACF， a significant proportion of patients still experienced substantial delays before receiving necessary medical attention. Delayed consultations among elderly PTB patients in China remain a significant concern. Targeted strategies， such as active screening， are imperative， especially in regions with notable delays.
老年肺结核患者就诊延长情况 — 中国，2015–2023年
刘玉舒1；范明宽2；李玉红1，3；康娇洁1；阿依奴尔1；严天心1，3；成君1，3；张慧1，3#
1 中国疾病着重狂放中心结核病着重狂放中心，北京，中国；
2 襄阳作事技艺学院医学院，襄阳市，湖北省，中国；
3 传染病溯源预警与智能有规划世界要点推行室，中国疾病着重狂放中心，北京，中国。
# 通讯作家：张慧，zhanghui@chinacdc.cn。
肺结核仍然是全球环节寰球卫生问题，老年群体的肺结核包袱更重。本盘考旨在分析2015-2023年中国老年肺结核患者的患者延长情况。数据来自中国疾病着重狂放中心结核病信息科罚系统（TBIMS），盘考对象为世界65岁及以上肺结核患者。患者延长界说为从出现肺结核关系症状到初次就诊的时代绝交向上两周。盘考发现，2015至2023年间，中国老年肺结核患者的就诊延长比例有所下落。患者延长的中位数（四分位距）为22（8–49）天。农、牧、渔民以及到结核病非定点医疗机构就诊的患者延长时代较长，且西部地区患者的延长权贵高于东部和中部地区。通过主动筛查（ACF）发现的患者就医时代昭着短于被迫筛查（PCF）发现的患者，但即即是主动发现的患者中，仍有超过比例在继承调治前经验了较长的延长。中国老年肺结核患者的就诊延长问题已经严峻，尤其在延长时代较长的地区，亟需领受如主动筛查等愈加针对性的喧阗步骤。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.221
Characterization of a New HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form CRF142_BC — Yunnan， China， 2015 and 2021
Min Chen1*; Huichao Chen2*; Shouxiong Lei3*; Jie Dai4; Yanling Ma2; Manhong Jia4#
1. Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Health Laboratory Center， Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Kunming City， Yunnan Province， China
2. Institute for STD/AIDS Control and Prevention， Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Kunming City， Yunnan Province， China.
3. Division for STD/AIDS Control and Prevention， Zhaotong Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Zhaotong City， Yunnan Province， China.
好姑娘3中文在线观看4. Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety， Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Kunming City， Yunnan Province， China.
* Joint first authors.
# Corresponding authors: Manhong Jia， jiamanhong@hotmail.com.
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is known for its frequent mutation and recombination， which contribute to the genetic diversity of the virus. Recombination between subtypes of HIV-1 generates unique recombinant forms (URFs) in individuals， some of which become circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) once they circulate in the population. Yunnan Province was the first location in China where the main HIV-1 strains were found. Due to the long-term HIV-1 epidemic， various recombinant forms were generated， including the predominant HIV-1 CRFs currently circulating in China (2). In a previous study， this study’s authors found five samples that differed from known subtypes/CRFs. To determine whether they were potential CRFs and how they arose， the authors amplified and sequenced the near-full-length genome (NFLG) sequences and performed phylogenetic， recombination， and evolutionary analyses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these five sequences clustered in a distinct monophyletic clade distantly related to all known HIV-1 CRFs. Recombination analysis revealed that they shared a subtype C backbone with four subtype B insertions， forming nine subregions. Phylogenetic analyses of the subregions confirmed the parental lineage of each subregion. According to the naming criteria， the strains were named CRF142_BC. Bayesian evolutionary analysis revealed that the time of origin of CRF142_BC was approximately 1990–1997. The identification of new CRFs will provide a basis for the molecular tracing of HIV-1 in China， as well as for the study of HIV mutations and vaccines.
一种新式HIV-1流行重组相貌CRF142_BC的武断 — 中国云南省，2015 和2021年
陈敏1*；陈会超2*；雷寿雄3*；戴洁4；马艳玲2；贾曼红4#
1. 云南省寰球卫生与生物安全要点推行室&卫生历练中心，云南省疾病着重狂放中心，昆明市，云南省，中国；
2. 性病艾滋病防制所，云南省疾病着重狂放中心，昆明市，云南省，中国；
3. 性病艾滋病防治科，昭通市疾病着重狂放中心，昭通市，云南省，中国；
4. 云南省寰球卫生与生物安全要点推行室，云南省疾病着重狂放中心，昆明市，云南省，中国。
* 共同第一作家。
# 通讯作家：贾曼红， jiamanhong@hotmail.com。
东谈主体免疫裂缝病毒 1（Human immunodeficiency virus 1， HIV-1）鄙俚发生变异和重组，导致了病毒基因的各种性。HIV-1 亚型之间的重组会在个体中产生特有重组相貌（unique recombinant forms， URF），其中一些重组相貌一朝在东谈主群中流行就会成为流行重组相貌（circulating recombinant forms， CRF）。云南省是中国最早发现主要 HIV-1 毒株的地区。由于 HIV-1 的永恒流行，产生了多种重组型，包括现在在中国流行的主要CRFs。在之前的盘登科，本盘考的作家发现了5个不同于已知亚型/CRF 的样本。为了细则它们是否是潜在的 CRFs 以及它们是若何产生的，作家扩增并测序了近全长基因组（near-full-length genome， NFLG）序列，并进行了系统发育、重组和进化分析。系统进化分析标明，这5个序列攀附在一个恬逸的簇中，与统共已知的 CRF相对远隔。重组分析标明，它们分享1个 C 亚型骨架和4个 B 亚型的插入片断，酿成9个亚区。各亚区的系统进化分析阐述了每个亚区的开头。凭证定名法度，这些毒株被定名为 CRF142_BC。贝叶斯进化分析标明，CRF142_BC的发祥时代约为1990-1997年。新CRF的武断将为中国HIV-1的分子跟踪、HIV变异和疫苗盘考提供依据。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.222
Psychoactive Substance Use and the Impact on the AIDS Epidemic Among the MSM Population: a Meta-Analysis — Worldwide， 2014–2023
Donghang Luo1; Jie Xu1; Wei Luo1#
1 National Center for AIDS/STD Control & Prevention，Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.
# Corresponding author: Wei Luo， luowei@chinaaids.cn.
This study aimed to evaluate psychoactive substance use and its impact on HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China through a systematic meta-analysis. This study searched Chinese and English databases， including CNKI， Wanfang， Wipro， CBM， PubMed， Cochrane Library， EMBASE， and Web of Science， for literature published between January 1， 2014， and December 31， 2023. Statistical analyses， including forest plots， heterogeneity testing， and publication bias assessment， were conducted using Stata 17.0. A total of 31 studies involving 88，181 samples， including 8，437 HIV-positive cases， were analyzed. The meta-analysis indicated a 17% prevalence (95% CI: 14%， 20%) of psychoactive substance use in MSM. Within China， rush poppers were used by 47.26% of MSM， while amphetamine derivatives were used by 9.97%. In other regions， prevalence rates were 12.86% for amphetamine derivatives， 3.62% for rush poppers， and 3.34% for GHB. Subgroup analysis revealed an odds ratio (OR) for HIV risk of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.42， 1.74) for MSM in China and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.72， 2.71) elsewhere. The OR for amphetamine derivative users was 3.06 (95% CI: 2.38， 3.93)， suggesting increased susceptibility to HIV. Psychoactive substance use among MSM is significantly associated with higher HIV risk， particularly for amphetamine derivatives. These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies based on substance type and region and highlight areas for future research.
男男性行动者群体中精神活性物资使用情况过甚对艾滋病流行的影响：Meta分析 — 世界范围，2014–2023年
罗董杭1；徐杰1；罗巍1#
1. 中国疾病着重狂放中心性病艾滋病着重狂放中心，北京，中国。
# 通讯作家：罗巍，luowei@chinaaids.cn。
本盘考旨在通过系统的Meta分析，评估中国男男性行动者（MSM）群体中精神活性物资的使用情况过甚对HIV流行的影响。本盘考检索了2014年1月1日至2023年12月31白天包括CNKI、万方、维普、CBM、PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMBASE和Web of Science在内的中英文数据库，筛选出妥当要求的文件。使用统计学软件Stata 17.0进行丛林图画图、异质性历练以及发表偏倚的评估。最终纳入31项盘考，涵盖88，181个样本，其中HIV阳性患者8，437例。Meta分析线路，MSM群体中精神活性物资的使用率为17%（95% CI：14%，20%）。中国境内MSM群体中Rush Poppers的使用率高达47.26%，而安非他命孳生物的使用率为9.97%。在其他国度和地区，安非他命孳生物的使用率为12.86%，Rush Poppers为3.62%，GHB为3.34%。亚组分析揭示，中国MSM群体使用精神活性物资与HIV感染的风险比（OR）为1.57（95% CI：1.42，1.74），而在其他国度和地区，这一风险比为2.16（95% CI：1.72，2.71）。此外，安非他命孳生物组的风险比为3.06（95% CI：2.38，3.93），标明这类物资可能使个体更易感染HIV。MSM群体中精神活性物资的使用与HIV感染风险的增多权贵关系，超过是在使用安非他命孳生物的MSM群体中。盘考终局强调了针对特定地区和精神活性物资类型的着重计策的迫切性，并指出了异日盘考需要进一步磋议的见识。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.223
Assessment of the Potential for Cross-Border Transmission of Infectious Diseases via Commercial Air Travel — Shanghai Municipality， China， 2019–2023
Weimin Hao1，2; JieyanGu3; YujueWang2; Li Wang2; LiguangHou2; Ting Wang4; Wei Zhang5; Yi Zhang5; Na He1，6#; Zhengan Tian7#
1 Department of Epidemiology， School of Public Health， Fudan University， Shanghai， China;
2 Division of Health Quarantine， Shanghai Customs District， Shanghai， China;
3 Division of Enterprise Management， Shanghai Customs District， Shanghai， China;
4 Hongqiao Airport Customs House， Shanghai Customs District， Shanghai， China;
5 Pudong International Airport Customs House， Shanghai Customs District， Shanghai， China;
6 Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity， Fudan University， Shanghai， China;
7 Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center， Shanghai， China;
# Corresponding authors: Na He， nhe@fudan.edu.cn; Zhengan Tian， tianzhenganciq@163.com.
As one of the major means of transport in today’s world， air transport facilitates more convenient international travel and trade with its rapid development， and at the same time， brings about a series of public health issues as well， especially the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases. PHEICs (Public Health Emergency of International Concern) represented by COVID-19 foreground the need for stricter quarantine measures of inbound conveyances and travelers to control importation of infectious diseases. We analyzed epidemiological surveillance data of inbound travelers of Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport before and after the pandemic (2019–2023) and compared the distributions and contributing factors of these diseases in 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2023 (post-pandemic). Our study found that the overall incidence of imported infectious diseases at Shanghai’s airports in 2023 reached 5.2 per 10，000 travelers， a 2.5-fold increase from the pre-pandemic level (2019). Further analysis of inbound travelers’ general information and histories of travel and contact indicated that， with certain special circumstances excluded， the pattern of changes in the positive detection rate of arrivals was basically in line with the disease incidence in countries from which travel was initiated. Hence， risk assessment implemented based upon big data models can precisely target travelers of high risks， effectively improve the performance of front-line quarantine， and build a stronger defense of frontier health quarantine against importation of infectious diseases.
航空港口输入性传染病跨境传播风险盘考 — 中国上海，2019–2023年
郝为民1，2；顾洁妍3；王玉珏2；王俐2；侯立光2；王霆4；张炜5；张奕5；何纳1，6；田桢干7
1 复旦大学寰球卫生学院流行病学系，复旦大学，上海，中国；
2 上海海关卫生检疫处，上海，中国；
3 上海海关企业科罚处，上海，中国；
4 上海虹桥机场海关，上海，中国；
5 上海浦东外洋机场海关，上海，中国；
6 复旦大学上海市环节传染病和生物安全盘考院，复旦大学，上海，中国；
7 上海外洋旅行卫生保健中心，上海，中国。
* 共同第一作家
# 通讯作家：何纳，nhe@fudan.edu.cn；田桢干，tianzhenganciq@163.com。
航空业，行动全球最迫切的交通步地之一，其快速发展为交通输送和外洋买卖提供了极大的便利，但同期也带来了一系列寰球卫生问题，尤其是传染病的跨境传播风险。以新冠为代表的外洋关爱突发寰球卫滋事件（PHEIC），进一步突显了通过加强交通器具和入境东谈主员着重狂放步骤以狂放传染病境别传入的迫切性。本文以新冠疫情前后（2019年和2023年）上海浦东和虹桥外洋机场入境游客流行病学监测数据为基础，对比分析了航空港口输入性传染病跨境传播的主要特征过甚影响身分。盘考发现，新冠疫情后的2023年，上海航空港口对输入性传染病监测中每万东谈主感染率为5.2，准确率相较2019年增长了2.5倍。进一步分析入境游客的基本情况、旅行史和战役史等身分发现，在摒除一些特等要素后，不同国度入境游客受其开头国度或地区的疾病发病率的影响权贵。因此，在进出境港口基于大数据模子开展风险评估，精确识别高风险游客，不错有用进步港口一线卫生检疫恶果，注重跨境传染病输入，更严实筑牢港口检疫防地。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.224
Risk Assessments for Type 1 Wild Poliovirus and Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Importation and Transmission — China， 2023
Wei Kang1，2; Chunxiang Fan1，2; Yifan Song1，2; Zhaonan Zhang1，2; Xiaoqi Wang1，2; Miao Wang1，2; Jing Ma3; Mulei Chen3; Yuzhen Yang1，2; Yi Wen1，2; Lei Cao1，2; Lance Rodewald1，2; Ping Zhang4; Fuzhen Wang1，2; Zundong Yin1，2; Ning Wen1，2; Hong Yang1，2*
1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China;
2. National Immunization Program， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China;
3. Education and Training of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China;
4. Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Taiyuan City， Shanxi Province， China.
# Corresponding author: Hong Yang， yanghong@chinacdc.cn.
A study assessing China's risk of poliovirus importation and transmission in 2023 identified high-risk PLADs for both wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and circulating vaccine derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). Xizang， Qinghai， and Xinjiang were deemed high-risk for WPV1， while Xizang， Hainan， and Shaanxi faced the highest risk for cVDPV2. The assessment utilized two independent tools， evaluating factors such as population immunity， surveillance quality， and importation risk. Despite no recent poliovirus importations， the study emphasized the ongoing threat from neighboring countries. Researchers noted inadequate inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) coverage in some regions， potentially leaving populations vulnerable to type 2 poliovirus. The study recommended targeted preventive measures， including catch-up IPV vaccinations and enhanced surveillance， particularly in high-risk areas. This research underscores the importance of maintaining vigilance and strengthening polio prevention strategies， even in polio-free countries like China.
脊髓灰质炎野病毒和Ⅱ型疫苗孳生脊髓灰质炎病毒输入传播风险评估 — 中国，2023年
康伟1，2；樊春祥1，2；宋祎凡1，2；张肇南1，2；王晓琪1，2；王淼1，2；马静3；陈慕磊3；杨玉珍1，2；文艺1，2；曹雷1，2；Lance Rodewald1，2；王富珍1，2；尹遵栋1，2；温宁1，2；杨宏1，2*
1.传染病溯源预警与智能有规划世界要点推行室，中国疾病着重狂放中心，北京，中国；
2.中国疾病着重狂放中心免疫霸术中心，北京，中国；
3.中国疾病着重狂放中心老到培训处，北京，中国。
# 通讯作家: 杨宏，yanghong@chinacdc.cn。
评估中国各省（自治区、直辖市，下同）2023年Ⅰ型脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）野病毒（Wild poliovirus，WPV1）和Ⅱ型疫苗孳生脊灰病毒（Vaccine-deprived poliovirus，VDPV）输入传播的风险。足下先前开拓的中国WPV1和Ⅱ型VDPV输入传播风险评估器具，风险身分为东谈主群免疫情况、脊灰病毒监测情况和输入传播风险，各省凭证风险得分判定风险级别。西藏、青海和新疆为WPV1输入传播高风险省份，西藏、海南和陕西为Ⅱ型VDPV输入传播高风险省份。由于中国邻近国度如巴基斯坦和阿富汗仍有WPV1疫情发生，且中国灭活脊灰疫苗（Inactivated Poliovirus vaccine， IPV）接种率不及，冷落不同省份超过是高风险省份凭证赓续开展着重步骤，举例IPV疫苗补充免疫和加强监测，以守护中国无脊灰情状。。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.225SM调教